State of Banking Before and After Financial Crisis

State of Banking Before and After Financial Crisis Introduction: Banks play a very important role in financial system. Most businesses have a need for a line of credit or other financing with a bank (Editorials, Street directory).  A stable financial system can help a nations economy grow steadily than it would in an unstable financial system. From loans to investments, financial institutions are exposed to all kinds of risks in the market. Risk is universal in the financial industry and everything that a financial institution does requires thorough Risk Management Practices (RMPs). The recent financial crisis has brought out the existing flaw in the banking system which probably no one had forecasted few years before. In the past, first the economy used to slowdown which would result in financial crisis but this time it is other way round. During the current financial crisis, banks and other financial institutions, particularly in the U.S, have collapsed which has resulted in slowdown of global economy. Research Question/Main Problem: This research will try and bring out the changes that have happened in operations of banking, over past 5-6 years, from huge profit making business to managing risks efficiently. Aim and Objective: The dissertation aims to look at the developments in banking sector in both, a developed and developing economy, so that the positive points from both the economies can be brought forward and negative points can be addressed and rectified. The study also aims to highlight some of the key reasons of financial crisis. It is very hard or rather impossible to imagine carrying out business in the absence of banks or financial system. Hence, it is very important to study and conduct a research about the crisis that have impacted the financial industry, so that some lessons can be learnt and in the future, and mistakes can be avoided. If the study is limited to one country, sample might not be large enough and hence the research looks at two different economies of the world (Heffernan, 1996). Therefore two countries i.e. UK and India have been selected for the study. It will help to identify how banks have managed their business during cyclical upturn, peak in crisis. The study also intends to highlight the trend of banking activities. And will also draw attention on how the proportion of risk has changed over the past years. Highlighting changes in key ratios will give a clear picture of what has happened and what can be expected in the future. It would be important to compare the balance sheets of some of the major banks of both the countries from the year 2004 till 2009 to check the percentage increase or decrease in their activities in order to come to a conclusion and provide suggestions/recommendations. Brief Literature Review: Since this study deals developments in banks and their performance over last few years, ratio analysis would be best suited for the study. These ratios are easily available on Bank-scope website (www.bankscope.com). These can also be cross checked from respective banks annual reports which are available on the internet. Heffernans (1996) study on performance of banks in 1980s indicated that some of the banks assets grew faster than nominal GDP, which means that banks were highly profitable. However, in late 1980s and 1990s there were asset quality problems in some of the large banks which had to write off non-performing portfolios. Because of which there was increased regulatory pressure and banks had to move towards fee-earning business i.e. securities underwriting and trading. It was during this time that international business was growing but was not profitable for banks because of high operating costs. However, banks found ways of reducing their costs by issuing their own CDs and introduce new products which were not capital intensive and resulted in fee income. Thus like other sectors, banks too used international trade and globalisation to increase their profits and diversify their risks. But, there have been one financial crisis in at least in every decade. Globalisation has been blamed for some of the previous financial crisis. There have been few economists who have argued that policies of the government resulted in the crisis and not technology. Asian crisis of 1997 is one such example (Krugman, 1998.). International organisations like WTO, World Bank, IMF promote globalisation and international trade for the development and welfare of under developed and developing economies. It has opened up global economy and countries like China and India have grown faster than expected. Globalisation has also reduced the sense of isolation which was felt before in developing countries. But in many countries, like the African nations, globalisation has not been be neficial or has not reached and hence most African nations remain underdeveloped (Stiglitz, 2002). Globalisation resulted in innovation of various risk reducing financial products and strategies like Futures, Options, Derivatives and Securitization. This study will help to understand how some of these products and strategies which were supposed to reduce risk, resulted in downfall of global economy. Sub-problems: The sub problems of this study are: Global economy before financial crisis – this will help to understand how banks were making huge profits; Economic and financial globalization and the expansion of world trade have brought substantial benefits to countries around the world (International Monetary Fund) What led to Crisis? this problem will help to realise what was happening in the banking world which went unnoticed till the time crisis hit some of the major banks; One of the key issue was the rising defaults on subprime mortgages in the US that triggered the global financial crisis (Subprime Fallout, Financial Times) Steps taken by international bodies like World Bank, WTO, UN, etc to rescue Global Economy – Though the most acute phase of the global financial crisis has passed, recovery remains fragile.   Persistent risks to economic health include high unemployment and low growth in developed countries and scarce international financing for developing countries. The poorest countries continue to need assistance to move beyond the crisis (Financial Crisis, World Bank report); World Bank is also expanding its cooperation with IMF, UN to promote inclusiveness, innovation, efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability (World Bank reform, World Bank). Since crisis in the USA impacted all major economies, rescue steps taken by some international organisations are important to take note of; Impact of financial crisis to UK Indian economy and steps taken by govt. central bank individually along the guidelines of Basel, bring out flaws if any. Bank of England and Reserve Bank of India have taken several steps to ensure that respective economies continue to grow and remain stable (BoE and RBI). Research Methodology: Punch (1998) has indicated that quantitative research is concerned with the collection and analysis of data in numeric form. It tends to emphasize relatively large scale and representative sets of data, and is often, falsely in our view, presented or perceived as being about the gathering of facts. Whereas qualitative research is concerned with collecting and analysing information in as many forms, mainly non-numeric, as possible. It tends to focus on as much detail as possible and aims to achieve depth rather than breadth. All qualitative research seeks understanding of data that are complex and need to be approached only in context (Morse et al, 2002). A correlation study, quantitative research method, examines the extent to which differences in one characteristic or variable are related to differences to one or more characteristics or variables. A correlation exists if, when one variable increases, another variable either increases or decreases in a somewhat predictable fashion. This study will collect numbers (data) that reflect specific measurements of the characteristics in question (Leedy, 2009). This type of study will be particularly useful for comparing ratios of different years and it will give out a clear picture of how operations of banks have changed over past few years. The good thing about this type of study is that the results are hard to manipulate as the data used would be a published data. Case study, qualitative research method,  refers to the collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves. The case study is ideally suited to the needs and resources of the small-scale researcher (Loraine, et al. 2001). It is a form of qualitative descriptive research, which looks intensely at an individual or small participant pool, drawing conclusions only about that participant or group and only in that specific context. A case study researcher often begins to analyze the data during the data collection process (Leedy, 2009). As stated by Loraine B, et al. (2001) the drawbacks of case studies are: The very complexity of a case can make analysis difficult because of the holistic nature of the case study. The researcher needs to show connections between various events but not lose sight of the whole picture. While the contextualization of aspects of the case strengthen this form of research, it is difficult to know where context begins and ends. However the advantages of case studies are linked to their disadvantages, which are: They allow the researcher to show the complexity of social life and good case studies build on this to explore alternative meanings and interpretations. This study will be a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodology. In the past, both studies, qualitative and quantitative, have been conducted in order to determine the main reasons of bank failures (Heffernan, 1996). Since the main research problem deals with key financial ratios, quantitative research method would address it the best. However, the sub problems of this topic would require qualitative research as they are more theoretical involving case studies and previous examples of bank failures to better understand what really went wrong and how things could have been avoided. This study will undertake qualitative research in the form of comparative case study because the study will be looking at various issues that have resulted in the downfall of banks and banking operations in respective countries. Data Collection and Analysis Data will be collected via secondary sources such as websites, annual reports of banks, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Financial articles, Journals. The main quantitative analysis will be focused on the banking sector of the two countries and see if any trends or flaws can be highlighted. The data will be analyzed with the help of tables and graphs which would be explained. On the other hand qualitative analysis of comparative case studies will be mainly focused on sub problems which will lead the researcher in answering the main research problem. Conclusion/Potential Results This study might be able to bring out the current approach of banks towards various risks. The study might also be able to point put the best practices that are followed by the banks in the sample countries. The study will also try to point out flaws, if any, in the existing structure and operation of banks and recommend corrective steps. State of Banking Before and After Financial Crisis State of Banking Before and After Financial Crisis Introduction: Banks play a very important role in financial system. Most businesses have a need for a line of credit or other financing with a bank (Editorials, Street directory).  A stable financial system can help a nations economy grow steadily than it would in an unstable financial system. From loans to investments, financial institutions are exposed to all kinds of risks in the market. Risk is universal in the financial industry and everything that a financial institution does requires thorough Risk Management Practices (RMPs). The recent financial crisis has brought out the existing flaw in the banking system which probably no one had forecasted few years before. In the past, first the economy used to slowdown which would result in financial crisis but this time it is other way round. During the current financial crisis, banks and other financial institutions, particularly in the U.S, have collapsed which has resulted in slowdown of global economy. Research Question/Main Problem: This research will try and bring out the changes that have happened in operations of banking, over past 5-6 years, from huge profit making business to managing risks efficiently. Aim and Objective: The dissertation aims to look at the developments in banking sector in both, a developed and developing economy, so that the positive points from both the economies can be brought forward and negative points can be addressed and rectified. The study also aims to highlight some of the key reasons of financial crisis. It is very hard or rather impossible to imagine carrying out business in the absence of banks or financial system. Hence, it is very important to study and conduct a research about the crisis that have impacted the financial industry, so that some lessons can be learnt and in the future, and mistakes can be avoided. If the study is limited to one country, sample might not be large enough and hence the research looks at two different economies of the world (Heffernan, 1996). Therefore two countries i.e. UK and India have been selected for the study. It will help to identify how banks have managed their business during cyclical upturn, peak in crisis. The study also intends to highlight the trend of banking activities. And will also draw attention on how the proportion of risk has changed over the past years. Highlighting changes in key ratios will give a clear picture of what has happened and what can be expected in the future. It would be important to compare the balance sheets of some of the major banks of both the countries from the year 2004 till 2009 to check the percentage increase or decrease in their activities in order to come to a conclusion and provide suggestions/recommendations. Brief Literature Review: Since this study deals developments in banks and their performance over last few years, ratio analysis would be best suited for the study. These ratios are easily available on Bank-scope website (www.bankscope.com). These can also be cross checked from respective banks annual reports which are available on the internet. Heffernans (1996) study on performance of banks in 1980s indicated that some of the banks assets grew faster than nominal GDP, which means that banks were highly profitable. However, in late 1980s and 1990s there were asset quality problems in some of the large banks which had to write off non-performing portfolios. Because of which there was increased regulatory pressure and banks had to move towards fee-earning business i.e. securities underwriting and trading. It was during this time that international business was growing but was not profitable for banks because of high operating costs. However, banks found ways of reducing their costs by issuing their own CDs and introduce new products which were not capital intensive and resulted in fee income. Thus like other sectors, banks too used international trade and globalisation to increase their profits and diversify their risks. But, there have been one financial crisis in at least in every decade. Globalisation has been blamed for some of the previous financial crisis. There have been few economists who have argued that policies of the government resulted in the crisis and not technology. Asian crisis of 1997 is one such example (Krugman, 1998.). International organisations like WTO, World Bank, IMF promote globalisation and international trade for the development and welfare of under developed and developing economies. It has opened up global economy and countries like China and India have grown faster than expected. Globalisation has also reduced the sense of isolation which was felt before in developing countries. But in many countries, like the African nations, globalisation has not been be neficial or has not reached and hence most African nations remain underdeveloped (Stiglitz, 2002). Globalisation resulted in innovation of various risk reducing financial products and strategies like Futures, Options, Derivatives and Securitization. This study will help to understand how some of these products and strategies which were supposed to reduce risk, resulted in downfall of global economy. Sub-problems: The sub problems of this study are: Global economy before financial crisis – this will help to understand how banks were making huge profits; Economic and financial globalization and the expansion of world trade have brought substantial benefits to countries around the world (International Monetary Fund) What led to Crisis? this problem will help to realise what was happening in the banking world which went unnoticed till the time crisis hit some of the major banks; One of the key issue was the rising defaults on subprime mortgages in the US that triggered the global financial crisis (Subprime Fallout, Financial Times) Steps taken by international bodies like World Bank, WTO, UN, etc to rescue Global Economy – Though the most acute phase of the global financial crisis has passed, recovery remains fragile.   Persistent risks to economic health include high unemployment and low growth in developed countries and scarce international financing for developing countries. The poorest countries continue to need assistance to move beyond the crisis (Financial Crisis, World Bank report); World Bank is also expanding its cooperation with IMF, UN to promote inclusiveness, innovation, efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability (World Bank reform, World Bank). Since crisis in the USA impacted all major economies, rescue steps taken by some international organisations are important to take note of; Impact of financial crisis to UK Indian economy and steps taken by govt. central bank individually along the guidelines of Basel, bring out flaws if any. Bank of England and Reserve Bank of India have taken several steps to ensure that respective economies continue to grow and remain stable (BoE and RBI). Research Methodology: Punch (1998) has indicated that quantitative research is concerned with the collection and analysis of data in numeric form. It tends to emphasize relatively large scale and representative sets of data, and is often, falsely in our view, presented or perceived as being about the gathering of facts. Whereas qualitative research is concerned with collecting and analysing information in as many forms, mainly non-numeric, as possible. It tends to focus on as much detail as possible and aims to achieve depth rather than breadth. All qualitative research seeks understanding of data that are complex and need to be approached only in context (Morse et al, 2002). A correlation study, quantitative research method, examines the extent to which differences in one characteristic or variable are related to differences to one or more characteristics or variables. A correlation exists if, when one variable increases, another variable either increases or decreases in a somewhat predictable fashion. This study will collect numbers (data) that reflect specific measurements of the characteristics in question (Leedy, 2009). This type of study will be particularly useful for comparing ratios of different years and it will give out a clear picture of how operations of banks have changed over past few years. The good thing about this type of study is that the results are hard to manipulate as the data used would be a published data. Case study, qualitative research method,  refers to the collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves. The case study is ideally suited to the needs and resources of the small-scale researcher (Loraine, et al. 2001). It is a form of qualitative descriptive research, which looks intensely at an individual or small participant pool, drawing conclusions only about that participant or group and only in that specific context. A case study researcher often begins to analyze the data during the data collection process (Leedy, 2009). As stated by Loraine B, et al. (2001) the drawbacks of case studies are: The very complexity of a case can make analysis difficult because of the holistic nature of the case study. The researcher needs to show connections between various events but not lose sight of the whole picture. While the contextualization of aspects of the case strengthen this form of research, it is difficult to know where context begins and ends. However the advantages of case studies are linked to their disadvantages, which are: They allow the researcher to show the complexity of social life and good case studies build on this to explore alternative meanings and interpretations. This study will be a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodology. In the past, both studies, qualitative and quantitative, have been conducted in order to determine the main reasons of bank failures (Heffernan, 1996). Since the main research problem deals with key financial ratios, quantitative research method would address it the best. However, the sub problems of this topic would require qualitative research as they are more theoretical involving case studies and previous examples of bank failures to better understand what really went wrong and how things could have been avoided. This study will undertake qualitative research in the form of comparative case study because the study will be looking at various issues that have resulted in the downfall of banks and banking operations in respective countries. Data Collection and Analysis Data will be collected via secondary sources such as websites, annual reports of banks, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Financial articles, Journals. The main quantitative analysis will be focused on the banking sector of the two countries and see if any trends or flaws can be highlighted. The data will be analyzed with the help of tables and graphs which would be explained. On the other hand qualitative analysis of comparative case studies will be mainly focused on sub problems which will lead the researcher in answering the main research problem. Conclusion/Potential Results This study might be able to bring out the current approach of banks towards various risks. The study might also be able to point put the best practices that are followed by the banks in the sample countries. The study will also try to point out flaws, if any, in the existing structure and operation of banks and recommend corrective steps.

Effect of Technology on Human Social Interaction Essay

Humanity has come far from its primitive beginnings. From sticks and stone wheels to the fantastic technology of today. Each tool made toward the betterment of life more wondrous – and many times more dangerous – than the next. Humans have come from stone tools to hydrogen bombs. Humanity has become so accustomed to – so connected to — technology that it can no longer live without it. If all electricity were to somehow cease to be a thing in the world, society might very well collapse before our eyes. Really, there is no stopping this evolution, whether humanity as a whole see error in technology or not. In â€Å"The Evolution of Technology,† George Basalla asks how the world came to such a point that it could not stop its advancement. I question its exact effects. The advancement of media technologies in the 21st century have greatly impacted society. More specifically, the merging of modern media technology and the various social settings of socie ty has had major influence on social interaction between individuals. The media technologies of today effect social interaction in many different ways. Modern media technologies can encourage the interaction of many groups of people claiming different backgrounds, ethnicities, and generations. It can aid in bridging gaps both generational and cultural. To the contrary however, media technologies in any social setting can – according to the studies in â€Å"The Impact of New Media Technologies on Social Interaction in the Household† – easily result in a growing privatization in areas of life that, in an earlier, less technologically advanced time, would have been shared with friends and family. People are using technology separately rather than in groups. How are 21st century media technologies impacting social interaction among individuals? Do modern media technologies actually bring members of every social group together and increase social interaction amongst one another, or do they more commonly cause social division instead? Media technologies are now much more involved into people’s every day routine s than ever before. Media technologies of today have changed much of life in the last few decades. The mere pace of life has increased to levels that those of earlier decades could only have imagined. Much of the world has come into a time in which most things are instantly achieved (â€Å"Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association: Volume 11†). It is,  in fact, the era of instant gratification, in which much is sacrificed in the search for convenience and efficiency. Many see the ever falling value of face to face social interaction as being directly connected to the spike in modern media technology. Communication through technological media, in particular has advanced by leaps and bounds. With the click of mouse or the touch of a screen people are, in seconds, be put into contact with others that are tens of thousands of miles away. While this marks a definite height of media technology – linking people that would, in another time, not have been so connected, it would seem as though the use of the technology to communicate instantly with typed words on a digital screen has replaced other modes of human interaction. Younger members of generations of the 21st century have chiefly taken to the latest forms of communication: emailing, texting, messaging, et cetera†¦ Physical and interpersonal communication had been the status quo for hundreds of years. A person’s personality and ability to speak, convey his or her ideas with charisma, and articulate well using not just words, but body language and eye contact have long been the defining characteristics of the greatest people of our societies. This is changing. It has become the preferences of the general public to send emails instead of taking the time to write letters, to send texts messages from phones instead of calling from them, and to friending someone on a social network instead of asking to spend time with them. It can be seen that the ever falling value of face to face social interaction and communication as being directly connected to the spike in modern media technology. In another way, technological media used for recreation al purposes has had its various effects on social interaction as well. Gaming for instance, is one entertainment that has for years been met with very mixed opinions and arguments. I will not venture to link the meager social skills to or violent behavior to the playing of video games here. There are many examples of video games bring people closer together. Upon interviewing several people that play video games regularly, I found that many play video games with other people. Many play video games with their friends and family. A percentage of these people even said it was a routine of their family to have â€Å"game night† as a sort of tool to encourage familial bonding in the household. On the other hand, however, there was a significant number of people that I interviewed that played and preferred to play their video  games alone and spent little time with their families or in social settings away from video games. These people spent many hours alone with nothing but a screen, a game controller or mouse (depending on the medium the game was being played on), and sometimes an opponent and fellow gamer several miles or states away. When asked about other activities they took part in during the week or weekends, their responses were meager. Few partook in other activities, social or otherwise. In this way, one can understand video games to be a hindrance to the social interaction of the many individuals that play them. A gamer, distracted by a screen for countless hours a week does not have the time a person unimpeded by such things may have to take part in regular conversation with his or her peers. Television is yet another technological medium that has been argued over in its decades of use. Perhaps the varying viewpoints on the positive and negative aspects of television stem for the many purposes it can and has served. There are many channels on any cable television that are geared toward the moral and academic education of their viewers. There are also many more channels that are meant for the simple enjoyment of their watchers. A number of researchers propose that spending a small amount of time watching the more wholesome programs can, to some degree, strengthen families and friendships (â€Å"Inclusive Leisure Services†). Then, of course, there are many researchers that continually warn against television. Television is among the easiest of society’s media technology; easiest to operate, easiest to access, easiest to become addicted to. It is also possibly the most passive of media technologies today requiring almost no thought to use recreationally. Television, without the motive of the viewer to have conversation with those around, presents little chance for growth of social interaction between individuals. Now, possibly the most controversial, though fastest growing media technology in use: the cellular phone. There has never been any denying the convenience of the device. There have been, however, thousands of complaints and arguments against the cell phone for its ability to capture and hold the attention of its user. The cell phone has recently become all forms of media technology rolled into one: the telephone for calls, the camera for photographs, the music player, the television for vi ewing movies and TV shows, and the internet for all other digital uses, and so the list goes on†¦ The younger generation of today can only just  imagine the world in which most, if not everyone, has a cell phone – which, ironically, was not so many decades ago. The benefits of the modern cell phone to social interaction are obvious. Though more advanced than it was years ago, it still holds to its original purpose. The cell phone still provides the easiest, most convenient way to contact friends and family. In an emergency, it remains to be the best way to call for help. Modernly speaking, one can always send a quick text to ask how a friend is doing. Several million people would not be able to function or go through their daily routine without their cell phone. However, the opposition lives on. Many researchers maintain that the cellular as it is today is one the largest distraction to social interaction rather than the aid that others believe it to be (â€Å"The Impact of New media Technologies on Social Interaction in the Household†). Schools and certain work places have banned them for the fact that the people can’t seem to keep them from interrupting their work and learning. It is possible to now to walk into a room filled with people that in decades earlier would have been filled with individ uals mixing and socializing with each other, but now, could be packed with overzealous texters and social networkers gazing down at small screens in the palms of their hands. This generation has been described as incessantly â€Å"plugged in† – constantly in communication and in touch with technology (â€Å"Plugged In: generation Y Guide to Thriving at Work†). No other device is credited as much for the decline in values for face to face physical interaction than the cellular phone. Nor is any other device so credited for it advantages. It is evident that digital media technologies, such as television, video games, and cell phones have increasingly lead to social isolation and a growing privatization in social settings that would’ve been very different decades ago. It is also true that communication in general has become more impersonal than ever with the advancement of these technologies. Digital technologies are negatively affecting social interaction and communication between individuals. It is right to worry about the drastic changes they present society’s relationships and values. In order for digital technologies t o positively impact social interaction, friends and family have used these devices as a way of communicating and interacting with each another. This has to include using the media technology as a medium to interact, such as, playing a computer game  together or watching television together and discussing it afterwards. It is important for individuals to consume new media technologies together – thus, promoting togetherness – instead of individually. By consuming technology individually, this leads to social isolation. In turn, this results in a drastic decrease of communication and social interaction in all social groups. Though one thing is clear: as the presence of technology in our lives becomes more pervasive, the greater the changes in our interactions will be. Works Cited Basalla, George, The Evolution of Technology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989 Dattilo, John, Inclusive Leisure Services, New York: Venture Publishing, Inc., 2002 Erickson, Tamara, Plugged In: generation Y Guide to Thriving at Work, Cambridge: Harvard Business Review Press, 2008 McGrath, Siobhan, The Impact of New media Technologies on Social Interaction in the Household, Ireland: Nui Maynooth, 2012 Rose, Ellen, Proceedings of the Media Ecology Association: Volume 11, Maine: Media Ecology Association, 2010

Whatever They Told You About Professional Services Writing Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

Whatever They Told You About Professional Services Writing Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Using staffing providers can lead to lower costs for selecting candidates to be able to acquire satisfactory staff. The sorts of services that you could perform will be dependent on your individual abilities and training, and your clients' needs. In addition, many businesses decide to give gifts to their employees. Staffing companies frequently have a degree of skill that far exceeds the HR divisions of a couple bosses. Second, our customer service is the very best in the business. Before buying a service or product, customers wish to understand what their peers think of the item in question. To produce a productive ad, you have to first make clients aware of the benefits of employing a staffing support. In case the client wants some editing in the requirements, it is going to be easier with nonstop providers. Type of Professional Services Writing The company outcome defined ahead of the PS engagement was supposed to lessen the spend on subcontractors by 10% in the very first year. Think through your own personal abilities, abilities and interests and think about how individuals or businesses may be in a position to use what you understand how to do. Top businesses and clients demands for the very best recurit in minimum time and when you concentrate on technology it provides a satisfactory benefits in the deeds of the scenario. Portfolio Every client has unique, individual requirements and my aim is to present them with a product they may be pleased with. Lies You've Been Told About Professional Services Writing When consulting, RFP projects are best begun whenever possible to ensure we are ready to attain a high probability of succeeding. Professional Services fees will likely be front-loaded during the initial setup and integration stage of the relationship. Moreover management assignments are likewise a crucial part of the overall assessment. In some instances, you might feel compelled to finish an assignment to the customer's exact specifications as an alternative to exploring different solutions which may offer superior outcomes. The work, which demands the complete attention and a very clear mind. You know, if there's 1 thing that won't fly in a business file, it's the unsupported assertion. Unless you're one of the few students who have had a good idea of your career direction for quite a long time, you will likely require a little help. Together wit h strengthening ties between businesses and clients, gift giving is a fantastic way to demonstrate your gratitude whilst spreading some holiday spirit. Obituary writing is frequently a deeply moving experience. It is a job that requires the best journalistic skills and a deep sense of compassion. You will receive a written essay at the end or at the period of submission which you've decided. You'll be trying to work out that is likely to become the finest possible essay building corporation on the website. The very best thing about us is that each and every time you can buy original essay papers for sale. If so, then it's probably time to step into the next stage of academic writing proofreading. Thus, the essay for our staff it is simpler than ever. Student life is full of surprises, and at times, you can require assistance with essay writing or maybe to compose a paper or essay from scratch. It is possible to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the assistance of our professional experts. The students pick the online services as a way to compose an essay with professionalism. Vacuuming to do away with the loose soil and dirt is easy but when it has to do with removing a stain, it's going to be nerve-wracking and you may wind up in contacting the expert fabric protection services. With the aid of expert office cleaning in Buckeye, you can be sure your employees will stay safe and fit during work and also there's no presence of damaging pollutants and allergens in your workplace. There's nothing to be worried about now as the newer fabric protection services are wholly set to compete against all types of sta ins and offer durability to the furniture for quite a while. The solution also employs the least time produced as a way to finish the project assigned with that. The Death of Professional Services Writing Many times, writers are so engaged in their very own work they fill pages with a fantastic deal of information but don't organize their work properly or express themselves with the very best word choice. Because you're selecting a writer, you may use the spare time to study. In the event the writer asks for a sample, don't hesitate to provide. Our writers always create unique content that's absolutely free from all grammatical error.

Compared to the Rest of the World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1314 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Obesity Essay Obesity in America Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Obesity can be defined as a condition that is associated with the accumulation of excess of body fat to the extent that it expresses the potential to have adverse health affects. If a persons bodyweight is at least twenty percent higher than what is healthy, that person can be described as obese. Although there is currently no flawless method to measuring obesity, the most reliable and commonly used obesity indicator is the body mass index (BMI), a statistical measurement derived from an adults height and weight. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Compared to the Rest of the World" essay for you Create order Its method of calculation is depicted in the following formula: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an adult with a Body Mass Index between 18.5 and 24.9 is generally healthy. An adult with a Body Mass Index of below 18.5 is considered underweight, an adult with a Body Mass Index of between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight, and a person with a Body Mass Index of over 30 is considered obese. Obesity can be classified into three categories, governed by Body Mass Index: severe obesity (35-40), morbid obesity (40-45), and super obesity (45+). Body Mass Index is a useful indicator for the average person. This method does have one major inability, however. Despite it being considered a useful way to estimate obesity, it can be occasionally misleading, because it cannot measure the percentage of body fat (What is Obesity?). For instance, a muscular person may have a high Body Mass Index, but have much less fat than an unfit or ?out of shape person whos Body Mass Index is lower. In addition, measuring obesity, with the Body Mass Index method, in children and adolescents aged 5 to 16 is challenging, because normal differences in body fat between boys and girls of different ages must be taken into account. Another less-common method used to measure a persons obesity is waist circumference. For females, a waist circumference of 35 inches or greater is considered unhealthy. For men, a waist circumference of 40 inches or greater is considered unhealthy. (Obesity Action Coalition What is Obesity?). Other methods of estimating obes ity include measurements of skinfold thickness, calculation of waist-to-hip circumference ratios, and techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Overweight and obese individuals are at an increased risk for many diseases and health condition, that often leads to a decreased quality of life for those affected, such as: Coronary Heart Disease Type 2 Diabetes: Among those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, 67 percent have a BMI of 27 or greater and 46 percent have that of 30 or greater. West Virginia has the highest rate of diabetes at 14.1 percent. Nine of the 10 states with the highest diabetes rates are in the South. (Obesity Rates Trends.). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) projects that one-in-three adults could have diabetes by 2050. Cancer: In both and women, higher BMI is associated with higher death rates from cancers of the esophagus, colon and rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and kidney. The same trend applies to cancers of the stomach and prostate in men, and cancers of the breast, uterus, cervix, and ovaries in women. Almost half of post-menopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer have a BMI greater than 29. One study indicates (the Nurses Health Study) women who gain more than 20 pounds from age 18 to midlife double their risk of breast cancer, compared to women whose weight remained stable. (Obesity Action Coalition What is Obesity?). Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Hypertension is 27% more prevalent for men with a BMI between 27 and 30 and is 32.7% more prevalent for women with the aforementioned BMI (Obesity Action Coalition What is Obesity?). West Virginia has the highest rate of hypertension, at 41 percent. Dyslipidemia Stroke Liver and Gallbladder Disease Sleep Apnea and Respiratory Problems Osteoarthritis Depression Gynecological Problems: Examples of weight related gynecological problems that are known to be experienced are abnormal menses (periodic flow of blood from the uterus) and infertility, among other things. These conditions can directly cause or contribute to premature death or substantial disability. It is estimated that on average, an obese person will live eight to ten fewer years than and have medical costs that are an estimated $1500 higher than a non-obese person. Currently, health care costs for the United States as a whole range from $147 billion to nearly $210 billion per year (Obesity Rates Trends.). Obesity is an apparent problem that is far too common in the United States. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), as of 2016, about 93.3 million adults (39.8%) and 13.7 million children and adolescents (18.5%) were affected by obesity. As of 2015, rates of obesity exceeded 35 percent in Arkansas, West Virginia and Mississippi. 22 states have rates above 30 percent and every state is at least 20 percent. Colorado had the lowest rate at 21.3 percent. Obesity affects people of all ages, ethnic backgrounds, income levels and education levels. However, the highest overall obesity rates continue to be found amongst racial and ethnic minorities, those with lower levels of education and lower income levels, and in rural populations (What is Obesity?). African Americans and Hispanics have the highest rates of obesity at about 47 percent, respectively, Caucasians at 37.9 percent, and Asians at 12.7 percent. Individuals with lower income and/or education levels are disproportionately more likely to be obese. More than 33 percent of adults who earn less than $15,000 per year are obese, compared with 24.6 percent of those who earned at least $50,000 per year. (Obesity Rates Trends.). The question is: what is the cause of the seemingly never-ending and detrimental epidemic? The answer to that question is multifaceted. In the current fast-paced society that we live in, it is easy to adopt unhealthy behaviors. Behavior, in the case of obesity, relates to food choices, amount of physical activity you get and the effort to maintain your health. (Obesity Action Coalition What is Obesity?). Subsidization of corn, soy, wheat, and rice through the U.S. farm bill has made the main sources of processed food cheap compared to fruits and vegetables. As a result, Americans have become increasingly reliant on convenient, calorie-rich, fast-food meals and junk food, such as potato chips. In fact, American consumption of fast-food meals has quadrupled since the 1970s and the purchase of junk food has spiked. This lack of vital nutrient consumption and increase in calorie and fat consumption is not being counteracted with adequate physical activity. Sixty percent of adults are not sufficiently active to achieve health benefits. Mississippi has the highest percentage of inactivity among adults at 31.6 percent. Physical activity has instead been replaced with television, social media, video games, cars, and scooters, among other technologies and means of transportation. These unhealthy habits are passed from parents to their offspring, continuing a vicious cycle. Obesity in the rest of the world is an issue that is just as much of a cause for concern as it is in the Unites States. Thirty-seven percent of adults and fourteen percent of children worldwide are obese. Surprisingly, obesity is increasing in developing countries, while its pace has slightly slowed in developed countries. Researchers have differing opinions concerning this particular subject. Some have hypothesized about the root causes, and the culprits are many, ranging from urbanization, to television, to rising incomes, to labor-saving technologies, to U.S. agricultural policies and junk-food exports. (Friedman, Uri). The top ten most unhealthy countries, which are home to half of the obese people in the world are, the United States, China, India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, Egypt, Germany, Pakistan, and Indonesia. The Unites States accounts for 13 percent of the worlds obese population, while two of the most populated countries in the world account for a combined 15 percent (Friedm an, Uri). Contrary to popular belief, obesity is largely preventable. The task of conquering it, however, is not one that will happen overnight, with wishful thinking. The process, which is outlined by dietary changes and an increase in physical activity, will require dedication, cooperation, and sacrifice.

Job Interview Questions and Sample Answers - 1444 Words

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Automated HotBlock Sample www.qtechcorp.com Prep for AA/ICP/MS with Perchloric ready Fumehood / Microwave Digstion Job interviews are always stressful - even for†¦show more content†¦Best Answers Do you prefer to work independently or on a team? - Best Answers Give some examples of teamwork. - Best Answers More teamwork interview questions. - Best Answers What type of work environment do you prefer? - Best Answers How do you evaluate success? - Best Answers If you know your boss is 100% wrong about something how would you handle it? - Best Answers Describe a difficult work situation / project and how you overcame it. - Best Answers Describe a time when your workload was heavy and how you handled it. - Best Answers More job interview questions about your abilities. - Best Answers More job interview questions about you. - Best Answers Job Interview Questions About the New Job and the Company What interests you about this job? - Best Answers Why do you want this job? - Best Answers What applicable attributes / experience do you have? - Best Answers Are you overqualified for this job? - Best Answers What can you do for this company? - Best Answers Why should we hire you? - Best Answers Why are you the best person for the job? - Best Answers What do you know about this company? - Best Answers Why do you want to work here? - Best Answers What challenges are you looking for in a position? - Best Answers What can you contribute to this company? - Best Answers What do you see yourself doing within the first 30 days on the job? - Best Answers What would you do if you found out the company was doing something illegal? - Best Answers Are youShow MoreRelatedRance Joyce Recruitment And Selection Unit 5 Assignment Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Job Interviewing Skills Joyce Rance GB546-1217 – 0203 – 01N Recruitment and Selection January 27, 2015 Professor Vincent Pellettiere Interview Sample I The first interview sample was taken from YouTube (2013), â€Å"Max Employment-Top 10 Job Interview Questions and Answers†. 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I worked with Glaxo Smith Klein* as an assistant accountant and I have spent the past 4 years working with Pfizer* where my most recentRead MoreInterview Qa1691 Words   |  7 PagesInterview question and answer: What are your goals for the future?(how do you see yourself five years from now?) †¢ My long-term goals involve growing with a company where I can continue to learn, take on additional responsibilities, and contribute as much of value as I can. †¢ I see myself as a top performing employee in a well-established organization, like this one. I plan on enhancing my skills and continuing my involvement in (related) professional associations. 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Ethical Audit Report of Tesco Free Essays

1. 0 Introduction According to Mamoria (2010), business ethics is defined as the businessman’s integrity so far as his conduct or behaviour is concerned in all fields of business as well as towards the society and other businesses. Thus, the conduct or behaviour by businessman towards the society or others may have some conflicts and contradictions. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Audit Report of Tesco or any similar topic only for you Order Now The intention of this report is to highlight what and why the incidents happened. The incidents include the employment of illegal workers, price fixing, and poor product quality. All these incidents tend to spoil the corporate’ image of the company and also bring harmful effect to the communities and other stakeholders. So, Tesco took action by compensating to the victims, restructured corporate management system for better performances, and provided training programme and learning course for the employee. The ethical theories applicable to Tesco include Ethics of Justice, Ethics of Duty, and Feminist Ethics, which will also be discussed in this report. Related article: How Tesco Communicates With Customers In addition, the organization’s best practices and values such as corporate social responsibility and protecting the environment will also be discussed for the close up of this report. 1. 1 Background of Tesco Tesco, one of the largest retailers in the world started its business in 1919. The Founder, Jack Cohen started a grocery stall in East End of London. He made a profit of ? 1 from sales of ? 4 on his first day. After 5 years, in 1924. Mr. Cohen bought a shipment of tea from Mr. T. E. Stockwell where the â€Å"Tesco† brand first appearance. Tesco expanded its business to petrol station in 1974, and became the UK’s largest independent petrol retailer. It generated a total sales topped ? 1bn and doubled up to ? 2bn in 1982. In order to overtake the UK’s leading grocer in 1990, Tesco made an aggressive marketing campaign to open more stores to gain its businesses. In 2000, Tesco continued to expand its business by product range from clothes to electrical and personal finance products when Tesco. com was launched (www. telegraph. co. uk). For more detail on its corporate background, kindly refer to Appendix I. 2. 0 Ethical Dilemmas Ethics in general and ethics in business are very intimate to one another. Therefore one’s personal ethics cannot be completely separated from one’s business or organizational ethics. If you are a man of principles, then you are more inclined to insist on high moral standards in your business and organizations (Gavai, 2010). No matter how strong the corporate policy and system, ethical dilemmas still exist as everyone is looking for their own interest. Tesco, one of the biggest retailers in worldwide also faces the same problems such as illegal workers, price fixing and poor product quality. . 1 Illegal Workers Tesco was caught for hiring 30 illegal workers who were foreign students at one of its warehouses. These students were from 11 different nationalities; mostly Bangladeshi and Indian origins were alleged for working up to 3? times longer than their allowed working hour in visa permit (www. visabureau. com). They worked as much as 50 hours extra than the allowed ho urs of 20 hours per week. This incident happened after the UK border Agency enforcement team visited their factory on July 2012 in Croydon (www. immigrationmatters. co. uk). The retailer took responsibilities by giving corporation to the investigation as they insisted they did not condone illegal working (www. telegraph. co. uk). Anyhow, employees were considered the victims in this incident as they had not been protected by the company’s employment rules, where they were forced to work for extra hours. They faced big losses such as inability to further education and having a work-life balance. Employer did not protect for employee welfare, they abused employee right to work extra which prompted to product high productivity, maximize the profit margin by saving cost of employee salary. Supplier played a key role in this scenario, as it was the only party to transform information between the employers and the employee while in the process of recruitment. In fact, there was wrong information sending either to the employer or the employee. 2. 2 Price Fixing Tesco was accused in the scandal of the pricing fixing on its dairy products such as cheese and milk. The consumers from the Office of Fair Trading in UK reported that Tesco had charged them an additional of approximately ? 270M between years 2002-2003. The huge amount was accumulated from 3 pence extra for a pint of milk, 15 penny extra for each quarter-pound of butter and the same amount per half-pound of cheese for every single purchased together with another 8 firms were implicated in the collusion (www. dailymail. co. uk). They were caught by breaching the competition act in synchronising the increased price with other competitors for certain dairy products. However, Tesco’s competitors had admitted and OFT had been given discount on the fined amount as they had given cooperation in the investigation. When the corporations did not practice fair competition which comply with the competition law, consumers were the victims because they did not protect in fair trading. This is clearly a strong violation of consumers’ rights (www. savistamagazine. com). Shareholders in the corporations basically earned extra profits in this scenario. Whereas, this practices was not encouraged as they must obey the corporate law which was stated in the Corporate Governance. Government department plays a key role in this embarrass scenario; their intention was to protect the consumers. Their penalty towards the corporations sent a clear signal to them not to violate consumers’ rights. In fact, families in UK suffering big loss of expensed extra for the daily goods in unknowingly. They should be protected under the fair trading policy which ensured them to trade in worthiness. 2. 3 Poor Product Quality Tesco also received a punishment from the Bracknell Magistrate Court for selling 127 outdated foods in the Martins Heron branch on May 2011. The foods included beef-burgers, ham and chocolate cheesecake. This incident happened when a girl fell sick after consuming chargrilled chicken pasta salad. This prompted Bracknell Forest Trading Standards officers to investigate the matter after receiving the complaint. The officers found that the foods had expired for 16 days during a visit to the store (www. getreading. co. uk). Trading Standards officers commented this matter as the â€Å"worst case of out-of- date product† that they had ever seen (www. mirror. co. uk). The irresponsible behavior acted by the management of Tesco was strongly affected to the public health. It also brought suffer to the consumers from physically and mentality. The shareholders were also facing lost when the management was careless in managing the stocks. Besides the above, Tesco was discovered for selling 100 expired food products which included yoghurts, fruit smoothies, soup, gravy, vegetable pakoras, packaged salad, pasta bowls, samosa and bhaji snack packs and guacomole dip. These items were past their sell-by-dated of between 1 to 17 days. The occurrence was engaged by a manager who had 20 years experience but his first time to manage the largest store chain, Tesco Extra. Shoppers had complaint about the poor problems to the Coventry City Council and the trading standards officers had proven the issues after their raids at the branch in Gielgud Way, Walsgrave in November 2009 (www. oventrytelegraph. net) 3. 0 Actions taken to solve these dilemmas According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, dilemmas are situations or problems where a person has to make a difficult choice; an ethical dilemma is a problem where a person has to choose between a moral and an immoral act (smallbusiness. chron. com). Dilemma occurrences in the workpla ce are common and action taken to solve them is very important, whereas theory of ethics can be applied as guidelines which may bring the moral decision. 3. 1 Reinforce in recruitment and management system Tesco was fined for a total of ? 15,000 by UK Border Agency (UKBA) for 23 students, of various nationalities who had breached the visa working terms (www. telegraph. co. uk). UKBA was reflecting UK government’s intention into act which has promised to overwhelm on visa abuse. The 23 individuals were not permitted to enter UK again (www. visabureau. com). The Britain’s biggest supermarket had ensured that the incident in this nature will never happen again. One of the executive had been laid off after the lacklustre performance (www. telegraph. co. uk). Tesco was a founder member of Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI). They searched employee with high standard by applying the ETI base code which included; no exploitation of child labour, working hours not exceeding (20 hours per week for foreign workers) and regular employment is provided (www. tesco. ie). However, the government had carried out a good job by taking serious action against any employers who had breached the visa working terms. After the fined it brought a â€Å"warning† to the competitors and simultaneously as a reminder to them to have good ethical practice while in competition. Nobody is allowed to breach the rules in order to obtain success in competition. In addition, after UKBA taken action against the employer, the rest employees will enjoy the benefits which to work in regularly, fair treated, feel protected and concerned by the government. Employer was ensured that the management system been improved after laid off an employee who made mistake. Employer was informed to put employee’s welfares as priority. 3. 2 Defending the rights Tesco was slapped with the fined of ? 10m for price-fixing of its dairy products by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) in 2011 after seven years of investigation. However, they threatened to fight back by taking legal action against OFT to defend themselves. The company claimed they were â€Å"surprised and dismayed† with the fined and strongly denied with any collusion in changing pricing detail with each other via the dairy processors. Tesco stand at its point vigorously and throughout the court. However, it had urged the government to deprive OFT of its power to investigate and punish firms under the competition act (www. mirror. co. uk). The intention of OFT was to alert the industries that the competition laws was enforced in ensuring the shopper in a fair trade condition. Hence, after the punishments were sent, it was ensure that the competition was maintained under the competition laws. Furthermore, competitors were only able to divulge information to each other via dairy suppliers. Suppliers were also not been honest in this incident. Suppliers did not bear responsibility of providing high quality products with reasonable prices where the consumers are able enjoy the benefits. Thus, suppliers being fined by the OFT were considered reasonable. No matter how the employer wanted to fight back with OFT, they had to pay the fine and settled it in the fastest way where to stop any embarrassing matters to affect their sales figure. At the same time, the costly and time consuming case might affect the expense of both taxpayer and business as well. So the fine paid has benefitted the consumers which bring fairness of their trading. 3. 3 Compensations After Tesco had admitted selling of outdated food, it was fined by the Bracknell Magistate Court for ? 12,000, and ? 15,000 in legal fees and a ? 15 victim surcharge. The Charges were related to 88 types of food which were put on shelves for sales. Tesco had to bear for the penalty as they knew that selling of out-date-food brought harm to the public health (www. tutorcare. o. uk). In order not to repeat their mistake, they were reinforced through staff training at the Bracknell store to ensure all the processes undergone strict quality control and the procedures were complied. Customers are the cause and purpose of every business. A business is supposed to serve them satisfactorily (Gavai, 2010). According to Tesco Corporate responsibility, they were running local s upplier programme for the purpose of getting fresh and quality products. Therefore, the company had to enforce the programme to ensure it was running smoothly and the supplier complied with it. Employers had to bear the responsibility for the incident where there was serious problem in the management. The accused significantly spoiled the corporate image and reputation which cause the sales figure to drop. However, the employers had made a right decision for admitting the mistake and paid compensation. It significantly showed that Tesco was applying the Ethics of Justice. According to Plato (2010), justice is an order and a beauty of the parts of a whole. Justice is effective coordination. It is an effective harmony of the whole. Ethics of justice can be defined as what is right and what is wrong in clear and precision. It was related to the notion of fairness. When a person is been treated unequally or deprived from what he deserved, then he was treated with injustice. Tesco realized that treating someone injustice was an immoral action, so they pledged guilty and paid fined which tend to bring fairness to the consumers as to determine this action on the criterion of rightness, which is one of the concepts in Ethics of Justice as well. Furthermore, Tesco was fined for ? 33,400 for 43 charges of selling 100 out-of-date foods at a hearing in Coventry Magistrates Court and a further of 94 charges after considering their sentenced. However, some shareholders of Tesco were present in court to show their seriousness of this matter and their concern on the case. They pledged guilty on the charges and their managers were laid off and two other employees were being disciplined (www. lacors. gov. uk). Employees had th e responsibility to carry out their job by following the corporate system. Some of the mistakes were not being tolerated and it has brought harm to the public health. The Coventry council was pleased with the results as the sentenced brought a warning to other competitors in the same industry that the government had stand at their point for the communities was appreciated. 4. 0 Best Practices and Values According to Donald, White and Bedner (2010), value is a concept of the desirable, an internalized criterion or standard of evaluation a person possesses. Such concepts and standards are relatively few and determine or guide an individual’s evaluation of many objects encountered in everyday life. Values are tinged with moral flavour involving an individual’s judgement of what is good, right or desirable. Tesco has practiced several communities’ works as a return to the society and tried to deliver values to them. Corporate social responsibility is in the interest of business because, by contributing to social change, it can create a better environment for its own transactions, thereby developing business while being socially responsibly (Rendtorff and Dahl, 2009). 4. 1 Communities Works Tesco plays a vital role in the local communities by supporting them actively without preconditions. They wanted to have a good relationship with the communities in which they operated. The fundamental condition that Tesco can provide to the communities is providing good quality, affordable foods and goods, and offering job to the unemployment. Besides that, they are listening and responding to the local communities for their needs and values, carrying out the issues that matter to them positively, and improve the local area by providing lasting contributions. They regularly set up a new store in the area where the retailers or businesses had been neglected. Tesco also launched a Regeneration Partnership Programs in UK where Tesco was proud as this prompted to providing job opportunities to the long term unemployment. In May 2012, they had their first launched store under the regeneration program in Hungary at Debrecen. Hiring 100 unemployed and providing 42 with courses organized by Regional Labour Centre helped them to readjust in their routine of daily work. Tesco also gathered the local communities in a centre point for them to interact. In Turkey, Tesco Kipa Family Club offered Cooking class, Dancing class, chess and learning English Class to their 60,000 members. In addition, Tesco had over 100 schools of Extended Class in South Korea to let the customers and families to attend Arts and English Class. Presently, Tesco had over 750 communities champion working into the communities which communicated with the communities effectively. They were organizing activities such as Healthy Eating to the primary school and local school children, charity event by collection or bag packing, and also asking the staff and customers to join the events like Race for Life (www. tescoplc. com). Without doubt, values to the communities such as responsibility, accountability, concern and unity had contributed absolutely by Tesco. â€Å"Value† so understood is a very broad category. It includes all sorts of things, from personal desire like health or a sense of humor to social ideals like wealth or liberty (Weston, 2010). They are responsible to the communities by giving them quality product in affordable prices. In addition, they were giving values of accountability by organizing learning class for the communities to gain their knowledge and interests. Tesco is also concerned about the communities of the unemployment, giving priority to the unemployed for job opportunities which also gave them better future and better life. Unity of the communities is very important in local area, Tesco provided a platform for the communities to communicate, interact and work together. They looked forward that every business and store were valued by the communities as they were trying hard to give interest to the communities. Tesco contributed a lot of times and fund to the community works. This demonstrates the application of Ethics of Duty. According to Kant (2010), a duty is obligatory and one has to do his duty regardless of any situation. Most of the time duty implies an action that one is expected to do as a part of society which may be neither for self-satisfaction nor for immediate happiness. Tesco knew what their prime duty to the communities was. Having a good thought is not enough but must in action. An action with potential concern showed their responsibility to the communities. 4. 2 Protecting Environment Protecting the environment is one of the important missions set by Tesco. The only way to deal with it was reducing the impact on the environment, including water and energy usage. All the suppliers have to follow the program with Tesco by reducing carbon footprint on the product and manage the water usage in all the store chain. The mission to be achieved is to become a zero-carbon business by 2050. Achieving a mission is not only in planning but practice. Tesco has converted over 100 stores to natural refrigeration across the corporate. The project in Kenya for the Lake Naivasha water stewardship helped to reduce water pollution and raised the water levels, replace transportation from lorries to rail transport which saved 15,000 tonnes of CO2e per year. Tesco had also collaborated with Unilever to create awareness amongst customers of sustainable product choices; more than 10,000 customers were advised to reduce their water footprint in Turkey. Tesco practiced by reducing in packaging and minimizing waste in their dairy operation which helped to reduce the impact on the environment. Reducing waste was the priority plan for Tesco. They used a market-leading store ordering system which helped to predict what each store chain will sell, this minimized waste of food accurately before it reached their customers. The programmes of minimizing the store’s operational waste started running since 2009 throughout the world’s store chain. They did not send any wastage from the UK store to the landfill. If the wasted were unable to recycle then it will be converted into other sources of energy. In China, cardboard and wasted oil in the stores had been fully recycled. In Poland, in order to increase the rate of recycling, they have conducted an audit of waste segregation in stores. In Malaysia, they encouraged the employees to recycle by launching a weekly league table to record who recycled the most. In US, they sent their waste food to the food bank for those who needed to reduce the wastage. And lastly in Slovakia, they donated the waste food the Hunter’s association for feeding animals. The materials used for product packing were the lightest weight and sustainable and also gave opportunities for recycling. Since 2007, Tesco have reduced the packaging of own-brand product more than 15% in UK, which included cutting glass usage by 420 tonnes annually when producing their own label Champagne. They also changed traditional packaging of toys to new packaging reduction technique that brought 15% reduction. In UK, Tesco also has commitments with WRAP’s Courtauld 2 (Waste and Resource Action Programme) to reduce the packaging waste by 2012. The commitments included the reduction of weight, recycled content of grocery packaging to be increased, rates of recycling to be increased, and carbon impact to be lowered by 10%, reduction of 4% for the UK household food and drink, and reduction of 5% for the products and packaging waste in the supply chains (www. tescoplc. com). Caring for the environment brings value of duty, love, hope, and comfort. Tesco has carried out their duty towards the society by committing on wastage reduction. All the resources taken from the earth and environment were fully utilized and the balances were recycled. This duty is belonging to everyone; therefore Tesco has taken it into priority. Tesco also showed the values of love. In terms of loving the earth, loving the environment, and loving each others in the world by saving the resources such as water. Human being is unable to live without water. Tesco knew the seriousness so they ran several programmes on reducing the usage of water. Tesco is giving Hope to the society as well, saving resources in order to prevent resources shortage, and climate changing. Value of hope is generating with these practices to the people. Living in harmony and secure which may concern for the next generation as well. With the clean environment, the values of comfort arise and the people can feel that they are living in a peaceful world. This is the main objective achieved by Tesco. A comfort lifestyle may bring positive thinking to the people, staying with tolerance and forgiveness. Tesco has significantly practiced ethical theory of right for the programme. According to William Sbaw (2010), a right is an entitlement to act or have other acts in a certain way. Everyone has a right in doing certain action and simultaneously expecting others not to deprive its right. However, others also possess a right to disagree to the action, but they cannot dismiss it. Tesco promoted the protecting environment programme and has prompted to let the communities knew that they had the right to live harmony. Right and Duty are correlated as that our prime duty is to protect the rights of people (Gavai, 2010). Tesco has the duty of giving fairness to the society and the communities have the right to enjoy the fair treatment. 5. Conclusion Business ethics is important for a corporate because it brings significant benefits and advantages. Corporation with good business ethics prompt to have good image and reputation in the market, which assist to create market awareness and promote sales easily. Furthermore, a corporation best practice such as corporate social responsibility is also very crucial which to protect the employees and communities’ welfare, c orporation may enjoy benefits for itself also because a good corporate social responsibility may create loyalty of an employee. A loyal and committted employee will stay with the corporation constantly and increase productivity, which can reduce labour turnover as well. Whereas, Tesco, as one of the biggest retailers in the world, which cover business internationally (refer Appendix II for International business Chart), they realize the importance of these and working hard to practice good ethical behavior, create value for the communities and providing moral decision to settle the ethical dilemma to ensure the stakeholder and communities can enjoy the benefits. How to cite Ethical Audit Report of Tesco, Essay examples

Physical Anthropology-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Anatomical changes that are required for the transition to Bipedalism. Answer: Bipedalism is the process where it explains the characteristics of modern human beings that have gone through the process of evolution over the years. It tries to identify the evidence of the process in the fossil that helps to determine the pressure that the human beings have faced that has forced them to attain the process of evolution. There can be number of factors that have an effect on the process of evolution of human being. These factors are being analyzed by bipedalism (White et al., 2015). Bipedalism refers to movement, amongst various numbers of species there are very few who can walk on two legs. There are some specific breeds who practice this process which is which is known as facultative bipedalism. There are times when octopus walks on their hands or practice bipedalism which is temporary in nature. In this process they put their six legs over their head and walk on rest of the two. They use this process in order to camouflage themselves (Barrett Maidment, 2017). Habitual bipedalism which is also known as obligate bipedalism is a rare characteristics means of transportation. There are very few species that are present at the current time who practice habitual bipedalism. The species that practice habitual bipedalism includes human beings and kangaroos. This species show characteristics where the species have used bipedalism but still they retain the arboreal behavior. Around thousands of years of ago there was a massive change in the climatic condition of earth where there was a massive drop in temperature. During this period there was a massive reduction in sea level, which resulted in change of sea level. There was a scarcity of water which resulted in reduction of forest which dried up soon therefore there was a growth of wood land and plain territory (Dunbar et al., 2014). Extensive study has drawn a conclusion that the ancestors of human beings used to live in a habitat which was made up of wood. The study have also showed that there were some early bipedal features which were retained by human beings such as long arms which were used by our ancestors to climb trees while living in the woodland. The DNA evidence shows the proof that the human beings and the apes share the same DNA characteristics. This understanding has and will help in the future in the process of study of the evolution in the human beings (Granatosky, Tripp Schmitt, 2016). Behavioral changes might accompany these physical changes Though bipedalism is not considered to be the best or the most effective structure for the position of form of running as well as walking but it does carry a numerous positive options, which can contribute immensely towards walking. It is still not very clear from the study why our ancestors went through and evolution and why they adopted bipedalism form of walking (Zeininger, Shapiro Raichlen, 2017). Hypothesis shows that the bipedalism can carry the food and other items to a longer distance which is the freeing of forelimbs for foraging, tool use, or protection; moving more energy-efficiently than other forms of primate quadrupedalism; and the development of long distance running (Ingham et al., 2017). Bipedalism can easily cool their body temperature which is known as thermoregulation. Despite a lack of consensus about the origins of bipedalism, many if not most of these proposed hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Some combination of different selection pressures may have been responsible for driving bipedal evolution (Langdon, 2016). The physical changes that occurs due to the transition from Quadrupedalism to Bipedalism. Feet In this transition of bipedalism, the human feet have large and enlarged feet. The feet being large help to bear the amount of weight of the human body. The feet of the human helps to act as a platform in supporting the entire body weight .The humans now have proper toes and feet which are smaller than their bipedal ancestors. This includes a non-opposablehallux, which is relocated in line with the other toes (Machnicki et al., 2016). When the non-human hominids walk upright, the weight of the heel is transmitted to the foot and then along the outside of the foot and finally it is reached to the big toe. Limbs There is an increase in the length of the leg when there was a change from quadrupedalism to bipedalism and there has been a revolution and it has been seen that the leg muscles is functioned in upright gait. In humans the "push" for walking comes from the leg muscles which are acting at the ankle. The longer the leg, which allows the usage of the leg and the muscle of the limb have natural swing while walking. The result of which is that the human forelimb are not needed for the locomotion and it is used for holding or carrying or manipulating objects with great precision (Osborn,2013). The apes which used to exist many years ago could stand on the hind limbs but they cannot be do it for a longer period of time. The femurs are not adapted for the bipedalism.The apes have the vertical femurs but the humans have the femurs are angled in the medium position from the hip to the knee. The knees are held closer together and under the bodys center of gravity. Skull The human skull is that portion of the body which is balanced and it has a vertebral coloumn.The foramen magnum which is said to be inferiorly located under the skull. This helps the human body to stand upright; this puts the whole weight of the head behind the spinal cord. The human face helps in the maintaining of the occipital condyles (Pontzer, 2017). The muscles of the human forehead, helps the human in their expression. The size of the brain is also significant and helps to increase the brain size. The transition took place around 2.4 million years where modern level of the brain size could not be attained till 500000 years. The anatomy in human shows that the brains are quite larger than that of the normal size(Pontzer, Raichlen Rodman, 2014). Spinal Column It is important to maintain the balance in between two legs.The vertebral or the spinal columns of the human is bend in the forward or the lumbar region or a backward bend in the thoracic (upper) region. The lumbar spine helps the body to be straight and it requires that the more the muscular effort for bipedal animals. The human body leans forward and they use less muscular efforts, so as to stand or walk straight and upright. Thus it is the work of both the lumbar and the thoracic curves which brings the curves of the body to the center of gravity directly over the feet. The body of the humans is inclined in such a way the body erection is significantly smaller so that it can conserve the energy Pelvis Today in the quadruped, the center of the gravity in humans is located near the torso. Thus it is near to the center of which the pelvis is located. When the human being is walking then it gravity shifts from one side of the pelvis to the other side. The biepedalism needs special adaption and the gluteal muscle is different in bipedal human and quad apes. Today the humans have very large hips and which have larger pelvic joints (Tardieu, Hasegawa Haeusler, 2017) References Barrett, P. M., Maidment, S. C. (2017). The evolution of ornithischian quadrupedality.Journal of Iberian Geology, 1-15. Dunbar, R. I. M., Lehmann, J., Korstjens, A. J., Gowlett, J. A. J. (2014). The road to modern humans: time budgets, fission-fusion sociality, kinship and the division of labour in hominin evolution.Lucy to language: The benchmark papers, 333-355. Granatosky, M. C., Tripp, C. H., Schmitt, D. (2016). Gait kinetics of above-and below-branch quadrupedal locomotion in lemurid primates.Journal of Experimental Biology,219(1), 53-63. Ingham, S. J. M., de Carvalho, R. T., Abdalla, R. J., Fu, F. H., Lovejoy, C. O. (2017). Bony Morphology: Comparative Anatomy and its Importance for the Anterior Cruciate Ligament.Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics. Langdon, J. H. (2016). Case Study 9. Reading the Bones (1): Recognizing Bipedalism. InThe Science of Human Evolution(pp. 67-73). Springer International Publishing. Machnicki, A. L., Spurlock, L. B., Strier, K. B., Reno, P. L., Lovejoy, C. O. (2016). First steps of bipedality in hominids: evidence from the atelid and proconsulid pelvis.PeerJ,4, e1521. Osborn, M. L. (2013).The Shoulder suspension of bipedal humans and the head suspension of quadrupedal cats: a reconstruction of macroevolutionary changes of complex systems based on natural experiments, comparative anatomy, and biomechanical analyses of extant organisms(Doctoral dissertation). Pontzer, H. (2017). Economy and Endurance in Human Evolution.Current Biology,27(12), R613-R621. Pontzer, H., Raichlen, D. A., Rodman, P. S. (2014). Bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion in chimpanzees.Journal of human evolution,66, 64-82. Tardieu, C., Hasegawa, K., Haeusler, M. (2017). How Did the Pelvis and Vertebral Column Become a Functional Unit during the Transition from Occasional to Permanent Bipedalism?.The Anatomical Record,300(5), 912-931. White, T. D., Lovejoy, C. O., Asfaw, B., Carlson, J. P., Suwa, G. (2015). Neither chimpanzee nor human, Ardipithecus reveals the surprising ancestry of both.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112(16), 4877-4884. Zeininger, A., Shapiro, L. J., Raichlen, D. A. (2017). Ontogenetic changes in limb postures and their impact on effective limb length in baboons (Papio cynocephalus).American Journal of Physical Anthropology,163(2), 231-241.